1) CQD
the first nicotine patch
the original name of the Food and Drug Administration, Consumer Quality Department
the international distress signal used before the adoption of SOS circa 1910
the original name of the Center for Disease Control (CDC), Center for Disease Quarantine, which was originally developed to combat the 1918 flu epidemic.

2) Ishahara test
the national Japanese fitness test that requires students to run over five miles and complete a number of other physical and mental tasks
the standard test for color blindness
the test used to measure heart condition before the invention of the EKG machine
the complex test administered by Japanese police to measure motorist's sobriety

3) mecometer
the instrument for measuring the length of a newborn infant
the instrument used to measure the height of waves
the optical instrument used to measure a patient's eyesight
the instrument used to measure the number of fish in a commercial take

4) X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System
the original name for the remote control
the original name of the computer mouse
the original name for the optical scanner
the original name for the photocopier

5) 639
the number of chromosomes in the human genome
the number of possible combinations when rolling two six-sided die
the average number of worker bees in a hive
the number of muscles in the adult human body